Enjoy, learn, and marvel!  But please respect (as always) photo credits.  Gary Larson once commented that his Far Side cartoons 
are like his children.  I feel the same way about photography.
<BR>
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<BR>Caption in progress
<BR>Photo Detail:  In progress
<BR>Caption Credit:  John Hoaglund
<BR>Photo Credit:  John Wiley and Sons (photographer unknown)
<BR>Photo Date:  Unknown

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<BR>Caption in progress
<BR>Photo Detail:  In progress
<BR>Photo and Caption Credit:  John Hoaglund
<BR>Photo Date:  July, 1986

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<BR>Caption in progress
<BR>Photo Detail:  In progress
<BR>Caption Credit:  John Hoaglund
<BR>Photo Credit:  S.C. Porter
<BR>Publisher Credit:  John Wiley and Sons
<BR>Photo Date:  Unknown

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<BR>Yosemite valley with El Capitan (left), Bridal Veil Falls (right), and Half Dome (background right) underscore the beauty of glacially carved topography.  The main Yosemite valley is a typical U-shaped valley, characteristic of glacial erosion.  Bridal Veil Falls originates from a hanging valley, a U-shaped valley "suspended" above the main valley floor, carved less deeply by a glacial tributary. 
<BR>Photo Detail:  View to East of Yosemite Valley.
<BR>Caption Credit:  John Hoaglund
<BR>Photo Credit:  Unknown (Ansel Adams made this view famous)
<BR>Publisher Credit: Unknown
<BR>Photo Date:  Unknown 

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<BR>A hanging valley with waterfall emptying into Milford Sound, Alaska
<BR>Photo Detail:  Milford Sound, Alaska
<BR>Caption Credit:  John Hoaglund
<BR>Photo Credit: Unknown
<BR>Publisher Credit:  Unknown
<BR>Photo Date:  Unknown

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<BR>A fjord into Baffin Island.  The Barnes ice cap on Baffin island is a remnant of the Laurentide ice sheet that covered North America 10,000 years ago.
<BR>Photo Detail:  A fjord into Baffin Island.
<BR>Caption Credit:  John Hoaglund
<BR>Photo Credit:  S.C. Porter
<BR>Publisher Credit:  John Wiley and Sons
<BR>Photo Date:  Unknown

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<BR>Areas of the Northern Hemisphere that were covered by glaciers during the last glacial age.  Arrows show the general direction
of ice flow.  Coastlines are shown as they were at that time, when world sea level was about 100 m 
lower than present.  Sea ice [pack ice], shown covering the Arctic Ocean, extended south into the North Atlantic.
Some scientists postulate that thick ice shelves, rather than sea ice [pack ice], covered these portions of the ocean.
The extent of former glacier ice over the Barents and Kara seas, as well as in part of northern North America is controversial.
<BR>Caption Credit:  John Wiley and Sons
<BR>Photo Credit: John Wiley and Sons
<BR>Publisher Credit:  John Wiley and Sons
<BR>
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<BR>Satellite Image (North is toward the top of the image and slightly right) of iceland showing its 4 ice caps.  Vatnajokull is the largest in the southeast.  
Northwest of Vatnajokull are the Hofsjokull (middle) and Langjokull (westernmost) ice caps.  The smaller Myrdalsjokull ice cap can be seen near the south-central shore.  
The capital city of Reykjavik (a frequent refueling spot for trans-Atlantic flights) is located along the northern edge of the southernmost peninsula of the west coast.
Vatnajokull covers 8300 square kilometers.
<BR>Caption Credit:  John Hoaglund
<BR>Photo Credit: J. Price / USDA
<BR>Publisher Credit:  John Wiley and Sons
<BR>
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<BR>Satellite Image (north is every radial direction from the South Pole; Greenwich Meridian [0 longitude] is center of top-half of image) of Antarctica showing the East and West Antarctic ice sheets.  Note the Antarctic Peninsula, which extends toward South America (Argentina), and the Transantarctic Mountains, both of which can be thought of as an extension of the Cordilleran trend into Antarctica.
According to calculations, melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet would result in a 7 meter sea level increase; 
melting of the East Antarctic ice sheet would result in a 65 meter sea level increase (see Alley, R.B. and Whillans, I.M., 1991).  Note the Ross ice shelf, fed by ice streams of the West Antarctic ice sheet, on the underside of the image, located in the Ross Sea of the South Pacific, below New Zealand.  
Note also the Filchner/Ronne ice shelf on the underside of the image, located in the Weddell Sea of the South Atlantic, below and between South America and Africa.  
Pack ice beyond the Filchner/Ronne ice shelf trapped Ernest Shackleton's <I>Endurance</I> during his 1914 expedition, resulting in the greatest survival epic, and example of heroic leadership, in human exploration history.
<BR>Alley, R.B. and I.M. Whillans, 1991.  Changes in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.  Science. Vol. 254.  p. 959-963.
<BR>Caption Credit:  John Hoaglund
<BR>Photo Credit: NASA
<BR>Publisher Credit:  John Wiley and Sons
<BR>
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<BR>Ice sheets and ice shelves of Antarctica.  The East Antarctic Ice Sheet overlies the continent of Antarctica whereas the much smaller
West Antarctic Ice Sheet overlies a volcanic arc and adjacent seafloor.  Three major ice shelves occupy large embayments.  The ice-covered
regions of Antarctica nearly equal the combined area of Canada and the conterminous United States.  (Source:  After Denton et. al., 1984.)
<BR>Caption Credit:  John Wiley and Sons
<BR>Figure Credit: John Wiley and Sons
<BR>Publisher Credit:  John Wiley and Sons
<H2>Greenland!</H2>
<BR>
<BR>I would like to thank Northwest Airlines for my safe return flight from Oslo, Norway to Minneapolis, Minnesota, and for unknowingly providing aerial reconnaissance of Greenland.  I would especially like to thank them for arranging a cloudless and sunny day over Greenland (a very rare event).  If Northwest Airlines is interested in having any of their other flight routes aerially surveyed, they should call:
<BR>John Hoaglund
<BR> (734) 615-0106
<BR> or
<BR> (517) 485-4008
<BR>The following photographs are presented from west to east, in the general ice flow direction of the east side of the 
Greenland ice sheet, toward the Greenland Sea off Greenland's east coast.  The flight was from east to west, in the direction opposite ice flow, on a 
geodesic from Oslo, Norway to Minneapolis, Minnesota.  I do not know the pilot's name to offer my "pilot credit", but he
impressively delivered the flight briefings in 7 languages (show off!).
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<BR>A neve field in east-central Greenland.  This photograph of the accumulation zone unimpressively appears as whiteout with a few clouds.
However, the accumulation zone of the Greenland ice sheet is impressively over 3 kilometers thick.  Not even a lone peak (nunatak) can be observed above the ice surface. 
<BR>Photo Detail:  View to south of east-central Greenland along a geodesic between Oslo, Norway and Minneapolis, Minnesota.
<BR>Photo and Caption Credit:  John Hoaglund
<BR>Photo Date:  September, 1986
<BR>
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<BR>The East Greenland Foldbelt (mountain belt) meets the Greenland ice sheet.  The mountain ranges, and thinning ice as it flows towards its margin, result in nunataks visible above the ice surface.
Though the ice surface is above sea level, parts of the landmass of Greenland near its center are below sea level due to the isostatic adjustment of the Earth's crust to the weight of the overlying Greenland ice sheet.
<BR>Photo Detail:  View to south southeast of East Greenland along a geodesic between Oslo, Norway and Minneapolis, Minnesota.
<BR>Photo and Caption Credit:  John Hoaglund
<BR>Photo Date:  September, 1986
<BR>
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<BR>Outlet glaciers flow between nunataks into fjords along Greenland's east coast.  The focused flow of outlet glaciers from Greenland's ice sheet result in 
some of the world's fastest flowing glaciers.  Some outlet glaciers are known to flow as fast as 30 meters per day.
<BR>Photo Detail:  View to south of east Greenland along a geodesic between Oslo, Norway and Minneapolis, Minnesota.
<BR>Photo and Caption Credit:  John Hoaglund
<BR>Photo Date:  September, 1986 
<BR>
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<BR>Three outlet glaciers converge between nunataks.  Note the merging of medial moraines in the lower-left portion of the photograph.
Extending flow conditions are indicated by large (remember, view is from about 30,000 feet!), open transverse crevasses that run across the ice,
perpendicular to the ice flow direction.
<BR>Photo Detail:  View to south and down along a geodesic between Oslo, Norway and Minneapolis, Minnesota.
<BR>Photo and Caption Credit:  John Hoaglund
<BR>Photo Date:  September, 1986  
<BR>
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<BR>Fjords extend into a mountain range along Greenland's east coast, up to the calving margin of outlet glaciers originating from Greenland's ice sheet.
Note the large number of icebergs in the fjords.
<BR>Photo Detail: View to west northwest of east Greenland along a geodesic between Oslo, Norway and Minneapolis, Minnesota.
<BR>Photo and Caption Credit:  John Hoaglund
<BR>Photo Date:  September, 1986 
<BR>
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<BR>Icebergs, calved in the fjords from outlet glaciers off Greenland's ice sheet, reach the Greenland Sea and await the next Titanic...
<BR>"Near far wherever you are 
<BR>I believe that the heart does go on 
<BR>Once more you open the door 
<BR>And you're here in my heart 
<BR>And my heart will go on and on..." 
<BR>Photo Detail:  View to the north northwest of east Greenland along a geodesic between Oslo, Norway and Minneapolis, Minnesota.
<BR>Photo and Caption Credit:  John Hoaglund
<BR>Quoted Lyric Credit:  James Horner (or Celine Dion)
<BR>Photo Date:  September, 1986